The Languages of Europe

There are three main language families in Europe. The largest is the Indo-European language family, with six sub-families represented in Europe. The second is the Finno-Ugric family, with three languages represented in Northeast Europe and eastern Europe. The third family is represented by one language spoken in the northwestern Spain in the Pyrennees mountains, Basque.

INDO-EUROPEAN EUROPE

Indo-European is the largest language family in Europe. Indo-European languages are spoken throughout Europe, western Asia and, because of colonization, throughout North and South America and Oceania. Each sub-family of Indo-European represents a different part of the larger, Indo-European family of languages.

Indo-European Sub-Families in Europe
(you will be expected to know the first 3 families and at least one example from each of those three families)

LATIN (ROMANCE) LANGUAGES

The official languages of these countries came from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. All use the Latin alphabet, which is what we use in English. The main languages from this group are as follows. There are a few others spoken by fewer people.

Language	Official language of:
Italian	Italy
Spanish	Spain (and countries throughout North and South America)
French	France, Belgium, Switzerland (and Canada, Haiti and Northern Africa, etc.)
Portuguese	Portugal (and Brazil, Angola and former colonies)
Romanian	Romania
Catalan	Spain, Andorra

GERMANIC LANGUAGES

All these languages borrowed the Latin alphabet, but some use old Norse runic symbols for letters not supplied by the Latin alphabet.

Language	Spoken in:
English	Great Britain (UK), U.S.A., Canada, Austrailia, New Zealand, South Africa, etc.
German	Germany, Austria, Switzerland
Dutch	The Netherlands (Holland)
Flemish	Belgium
Norwegian	Norway
Swedish	Sweden
Danish	Denmark

SLAVIC LANGUAGES

Slavic European languages either use the Latin alphabet, like English, or the Cyrillic alphabet, like in Russian. Which alphabet they use depends on whether the national languages developed under western Catholic or Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Catholicism, based in Rome, transcribed local languages in the Latin alphabet. Orthodoxy transcribed local languages in Cyrillic alphabets, which are based on the Greek alphabet. There are more official Slavic languages than those mentioned below.

Language	Spoken in:	Details
Russian	Russia, Kazakhstan, other former Soviet Central Asian republics	Cyrillic alphabet
Ukrainian	Ukraine	Cyrillic alphabet
Polish	Poland	Latin alphabet, largely Catholic
Czech	Czech Republic	Latin alphabet, Catholic influence
Slovak	Slovakia	Latin alphabet, Catholic influence
Serbo-Croatian	Yugoslavia, Croatia, Bosnia	Croatia is largely Catholic and so uses the Latin alphabet. Serbia is largely Orthodox Christian and so uses the Cyrillic alphabet. Bosnia is largely Muslim but uses the Latin alphabet.
Bulgarian	Bulgaria	Cyrillic alphabet
Slovenian	Slovenia	Latin alphabet, largely Catholic

CELTIC LANGUAGES

Ireland is the only country in Europe where a Celtic language (Irish) is an official language, but it is a co-official language with English. Welsh is a co-official language with English in the British republic of Wales. Breton in spoken in the French province of Brittany. Scots Gaelic is spoken by very few people in northwestern Scotland. Celtic languages used to be spoken throughout Europe and what is now Turkey but most are now either extinct or seriously endangered.

GREEK AND ALBANIAN

Greek is written in the Greek alphabet. It is the official language of Greece and one of the official languages of Cyprus (with Turkish).  Albanian is written in the Latin alphabet and is the official language of Albania.

NON-INDO-EUROPEAN EUROPE

FINNO-UGRIC FAMILY

These languages are related to some minority languages spoken in Russia, and distantly related to Turkic languages. The languages below are written in the Latin alphabet.

Language	Official language of:
Finnish	Finland
Estonian	Estonia
Hungarian	Hungary

BASQUE Basque is spoken in the Pyrenees mountains between France and Spain. It is a "language isolate", which means people do not know of any other languages to which it is related. It is thought that it was the language of the original inhabitants of Europe.

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Copyright 2004 Alfia Wallace